patient develops urinary retention after an abdominal surgery. Urinary obstruction was ruled out in this patient. Which strategy would be helpful in promoting urination?

  1. A) Activating nicotinic receptors
  2. B) Inhibiting the release of acetylcholine
  3. C) Inhibiting cholinesterase enzyme
  4. D) Blocking muscarinic receptors

Atropa belladonna is a plant that contains atropine (a muscarinic antagonist). Which of the following drugs or classes of drugs will be most useful in treating poisoning with belladonna?

  1. A) Malathion
  2. B) Physostigmine
  3. C) Muscarinic antagonists
  4. D) Nicotinic antagonists

Botulinum toxin blocks the release of acetylcholine from cholinergic nerve terminals. Which is a possible effect of botulinum toxin?

  1. A) Skeletal muscle paralysis
  2. B) Improvement of myasthenia gravis symptoms
  3. C) salivation
  4. D) Reduced heart rate

Which of the following adrenergic agonists is commonly present in nasal sprays available over-the-counter (OTC) to treat nasal congestion?

  1. A) Clonidine
  2. B) Albuterol
  3. C) Oxymetazoline

D) Formoterol

A patient who has hypertension and mild asthma attacks bought a herbal remedy for asthma online. He does not take any prescription medications for asthma, but takes a β1-selective blocker for hypertension. The herbal remedy relieves the asthma attacks, but his blood pressure seems to increase despite the β-blocker therapy. Which of the following drugs is most likely present in the herbal remedy?

  1. A) Phenylephrine
  2. B) Norepinephrine
  3. C) Ephedrine
  4. D) Salmeterol