Research Title: The Influence of Socio-demographic Factors and Hospital type on Islamic Work Ethics of Healthcare Providers at Emergency Departments in Jordan

Author: Audi Naji Khaled Al Smadi, Published Year: 2022

Journal of Islamic Business and Management, 12

Faculty: Business

Abstract: Abstract Purpose: Islamic work ethics (IWE) has been an area of attraction for scholars exploring Muslim employees’ attitudes and behaviors. This study aims to examine the IWE of healthcare providers (HCPs) in Jordan’s public and private emergency departments, and test the influence of socio-demographic factors and hospital type on IWE. Methodology: A descriptive cross-sectional study was used. Data were collected from the HCPs in Jordan middle district hospitals using a selfadministered questionnaire. In total, 297 questionnaires were completed and returned for analysis. Descriptive statistics, regression analysis, and independent sample t-test were used to analyze the data. Findings: The HCPs in private EDs showed a higher commitment to IWE than public EDs HCPs, and statistical differences were found between the public and private EDs. Multiple linear regression analysis showed that socio-demographic factors (age, gender, income level, professional classification, and social status) do not significantly influence IWE. Only the hospital type has a significant negative influence on IWE. Conclusion: HCPs in private EDs showed a high level of commitment to IWE than public HCPs. Statistical differences were discovered between the public and private EDs. The regression analysis showed no effect of socio-demographic factors on the IWE. Originality/Significance: This is perhaps the first paper investigating the influence of socio-demographic factors and hospital type on IWE of HCPs at EDs in Jordan. Research Limitations/Implications: This paper was limited to HCPs working in eleven hospitals in Jordan’s middle district. The study’s findings were based on the respondents’ honesty and truthfulness when taking the questionnaire. Implications for research have also been discussed. KAUJIE Classification: P0 JEL Classification: M10

Keywords: Islamic Work Ethics, Emergency Department, Jordan, Public & Private

Research Title: Development and Validation of A New Islamic Work Ethics Scale for Healthcare Providers in Emergency Departments (EDIWES)

Author: Audi Naji Khaled Al Smadi, Published Year: 2021

Journal of Islamic Business and Management, 11

Faculty: Business

Abstract: Abstract. Purpose: Research on work ethics has acquired considerable scholars’ attention. Research on employees’ religion-oriented ethics, particularly Islamic Work Ethics (IWE), has remained relatively narrow in healthcare settings. This study aims to develop and validate a scale to measure Healthcare Providers (HCPs) IWE in Emergency Departments (EDs). Design/methodology/approach: This study was conducted on HCPs who work at EDs in Jordan. The scale goes through a series of validation processes, including content validity, face validity, and construct validity. This study employed exploratory factor analysis for construct validity and Cronbach’s alpha for reliability analysis. Findings: Exploratory factor analysis yielded 17 strong explanatory items on a three-dimension scale, namely obligation of HCP to their patients, obligation of supervisors to their subordinates and obligation of HCP to their colleagues. Conclusion: The findings of this study provide a valid and reliable scale that had a satisfactory psychometric property for measuring Healthcare Providers’ IWE in EDs.

Keywords: Islamic Work Ethics, Exploratory Factor Analysis, Emergency Department, Jordan, Healthcare Providers.

Research Title: Development of a new job satisfaction scale for healthcare staff in emergency departments

Author: Audi Naji Khaled Al Smadi, Published Year: 2022

British Journal of Healthcare Management, 2

Faculty: Business

Abstract: Background/Aims Assessing factors that affect job satisfaction among healthcare staff, and formulating comprehensive strategies to improve job satisfaction, is fundamental to healthcare organisations. This study aimed to develop and validate a tool to measure staff job satisfaction in emergency departments of hospitals in Jordan. Methods The job satisfaction scale was developed using a literature review, instrument validation and statistical testing using exploratory factor analysis and Cronbach's alpha. A self-administered questionnaire was sent to 200 healthcare staff working in emergency departments in hospitals in Jordan between 14 April and 5 May 2020. Results A total of 112 respondents returned a completed questionnaire. Exploratory factor analysis yielded 16 strong explanatory items that affect job satisfaction, which could be grouped into four domains: physical environment and workplace safety; supervisor support; promotion and compensation; and communication and relationships with coworkers. The tool was found to have good reliability and validity. Low to moderate levels of satisfaction were found in most domains. Conclusions The findings of this study provide evidence for the psychometric properties of a newly developed scale to measure the level of job satisfaction of healthcare staff working in emergency departments.

Keywords: Job satisfaction, Jordan, Emergency Department

Research Title: The impact of information sharing on the quality of decision-making: From the point of view of employees in Jordanian private hospitals

Author: Atef Al-Raoush, Published Year: 2023

Cogent Business & Management, 10

Faculty: Business

Abstract: This paper examines how information sharing impacts the quality of decision-making in Jordanian private hospitals from the point of view of employees. It involved a structured questionnaire, which consisted of demographic data, information sharing, and decision-making. The research results suggest that sharing information in both common and unique situations significantly positively influences the decision-making abilities of teams. Merely possessing unique information does not enhance the ability to make decisions; conversely, common information is crucial to facilitate the decision-making process. Participant characteristics have no effect on decision-making quality, especially as team functional diversity continues to rise, with information sharing even less relevant as a result. Our results indicate that participants’ characteristics do not predict whether the discussion of shared information will contribute to decision-making quality. As a practical contribution, our findings recognise the importance of decision teams in information management, encourage flexibility and openness in organisational relations, and assist policymakers, managers, and regulators through training programs that confirm participation is one of the most important components of generating new ideas.

Keywords: Information sharing decision making common information unique information Jordanian hospitals

Research Title: Novel thiomorpholine tethered isatin hydrazones as potential inhibitors of resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis

Author: Balakumar Chandrasekarn, Published Year: 2021

Bioorganic Chemistry, 115

Faculty: Pharmacy

Abstract: Novel chemotherapeutic agents against multidrug resistant-tuberculosis (MDR-TB) are urgently needed at this juncture to save the life of TB-infected patients. In this work, we have synthesized and characterized novel isatin hydrazones 4(a-o) and their thiomorpholine tethered analogues 5(a-o). All the synthesized compounds were initially screened for their anti-mycobacterial activity against the H37Rv strain of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) under level-I testing. Remarkably, five compounds 4f, 4h, 4n, 5f and 5m (IC50 = 1.9 µM to 9.8 µM) were found to be most active, with 4f (IC50 = 1.9 µM) indicating highest inhibition of H37Rv. These compounds were further evaluated at level-II testing against the five drug-resistant strains such as isoniazid-resistant strains (INH-R1 and INH-R2), rifampicin-resistant strains (RIF-R1 and RIF-R2) and fluoroquinolone-resistant strain (FQ-R1) of MTB. Interestingly, 4f and 5f emerged as the most potent compounds with IC50 of 3.6 µM and 1.9 µM against RIF-R1 MTB strain, followed by INH-R1 MTB strain with IC50 of 3.5 µM and 3.4 µM, respectively. Against FQ-R1 MTB strain, the lead compounds 4f and 5f displayed excellent inhibition at IC50 5.9 µM and 4.9 µM, respectively indicating broad-spectrum of activity. Further, molecular docking, ADME pharmacokinetic and molecular dynamics simulations of the compounds were performed against the DNA gyrase B and obtained encouraging results.

Keywords: SynthesisMultidrug-resistant tuberculosisIsatinDockingMD simulations

Research Title: IN SILICO EVALUATION AND SYNTHESIS OF NOVEL SULFONAMIDES AS PROMISING ANTI-VIRAL LEAD MOLECULES DOCKED AGAINST ANTI-COVID-19 PROTEIN TARGETS: SARS-COV-2 MAIN PROTEASE

Author: Balakumar Chandrasekarn, Published Year: 2021

Faculty: Pharmacy

Abstract: COVID-19 pandemic has led us to design and develop novel organic molecules as medicinally promising lead molecules which can prevent the SARS-CoV-2 virus of the infected patients. The current invention provides potential anti-viral drugs docked against anti-COVID-19 protein targets: SARS-CoV-2 main protease, drug-likeness, efficacy, molecular docking, physicochemical and pharmacokinetic studies of novel synthesized sulfonamide analogues. Physicochemical and pharmacokinetic properties have been evaluated on the basis of certain parameters like Lipinski rule of 5 (RO5 rule) and ADMET (absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion and toxicity). All the synthesized compounds follow Lipinski rule of five (RO5 rule) and the compounds followed the range of rotational bonds, hydrogen bond acceptors (HBA), hydrogen bond donors (HBD), topological surface area (TPSA), and number of violations, etc. All these compounds shown good pharmacokinetic properties, zero renal OCT2 substrate toxicity and negligible toxicity values. BOILED-egg model was carried out for evaluating the gastrointestinal absorption and brain penetration effect. Compounds 3b and 3d comes under white region of egg and exhibited good gastrointestinal absorption, whereas, 3a, 3c, 3e and 3f compounds fall under yellow region (yolk) of egg which showed good brain penetration effect. All novel sulfonamide analogues including commercially available anti-COVID-19 drugs, Hydroxychloroquine and Umifenovir docked with anti-COVID-19 protein targets, i.e., PDB: 6VWW & 6Y2E. Compound 3c when docked with PDB: 6VWW shown maximum energy of -22.06 kcal/mol with two hydrogen binding interactions which are better than marketed drugs. Similarly, compound 3a exhibited highest energy of -14.00 kcal/mol.

Keywords: COMPUTER-AIDED DRUG DESIGN AND GREEN SYNTHESIS

Research Title: Computer aided drug design and green synthesis of novel pyrazole analogues as potential SARS-CoV-2 main protease inhibitors against anti COVID-19 protein targets

Author: Balakumar Chandrasekarn, Published Year: 2021

Faculty: Pharmacy

Abstract: COVID-19 pandemic has significantly increased high deaths, infectivity and hospitalizations. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is a foremost problem in the world presently. Currently, all research institutions and pharmaceutical industries are keen in developing new vaccines and more effective drugs that could inhibit the SARS-CoV-2 virus and help in the treatment of patients. This provoked us to design medicinally effective drug candiadates which can prevent the SARS-CoV-2 virus of the infected patients. The present invention offers most promising anti-viral drugs docked against anti-COVID-19 protein targets: SARS-CoV-2 main protease, efficacy, drug-likeness, molecular docking, BOILED-EGG model, physicochemical and pharmacokinetic studies of novel synthesized polysubstituted 4,7-dihydro 1H-pyrazolo[3,4-b]pyridin-6-amine analogues. All the novel synthesized analogues including commercially available anti-COVID-19 drugs, Hydroxychloroquine and Umifenovir docked with anti-COVID-19 protein targets, i.e., PDB: 6LU7 and 6Y2E. This current invention further provides a rapid access to novel 4,7-dihydro-H-pyrazolo[3,4-b]pyridin-6-amines and few advantages are milder reaction conditions, short reaction times, easy work-up, excellent yields, effective SARS-CoV-2 main protease inhibitors and use of ultrasonic radiation via green synthesis.

Keywords: COMPUTER-AIDED DRUG DESIGN AND GREEN SYNTHESIS

Research Title: Appraising the therapeutical potentials of Alchornea laxiflora (Benth.) Pax & K. Hoffm., an underexplored medicinal herb: A systematic review

Author: Balakumar Chandrasekarn, Published Year: 2022

Frontiers in Pharmacology, 13

Faculty: Pharmacy

Abstract: Ethnopharmacological relevance: Alchornea laxiflora (Benth.) Pax & K. Hoffm. (Euphorbiaceae) is an important traditional medicinal plant grown in tropical Africa. The stem, leaves, and root have been widely used in the folk medicine systems in Nigeria, Cameroon, South Africa, and Ghana to treat various ailments, including inflammatory, infectious, and central nervous system disorders, such as anxiety and epilepsy. Material and methods: The scientific name of the plant was validated using the “The Plant List,” “Kew Royal Botanic Gardens,” and Tropicos Nomenclatural databases. The literature search on A. laxiflora was performed using electronic search engines and databases such as Google scholar, ScienceDirect, PubMed, AJOL, Scopus, and Mendeley. Results: To the best of our knowledge, no specific and detailed review has been reported on A. laxiflora. Consequently, this review provides an up-to-date systematic presentation on ethnobotany, phytoconstituents, pharmacological activities, and toxicity profiles of A. laxiflora. Phytochemical investigations disclosed the presence of important compounds, such as alkaloids, flavonoids, phenolics, terpenoids, and fatty acids. Furthermore, various pharmacological activities and traditional uses reported for this botanical drug were discussed comprehensively. Conclusion: This systemic review presents the current status and perspectives of A. laxiflora as a potential therapeutic modality that would assist futureresearchers in exploring this African botanical drug as a source of novel drug candidates for varied diseases.

Keywords: Alchornea laxiflora, ethnopharmacology, African plants, traditional medicine, phytochemistry, pharmacology

Research Title: One-step synthesis of picolinohydrazides from fusaric acid: DFT, structural characterization and molecular inhibitory studies on metastatic tumor-derived exosomal and non-exosomal proteins

Author: Balakumar Chandrasekarn, Published Year: 2022

Journal of Molecular Structure, 1225

Faculty: Pharmacy

Abstract: A new class of picolinohydrazide analogs (5–7) was synthesized via the one-pot reaction between fusaric acid (1) and aryl hydrazines (2–4) using amide coupling reagents. The synthesized compounds (5–7) were characterized using density-functional theory (DFT) computational spectroscopy, and instrumental methods. Global and local reactivity descriptors of these compounds were calculated at the B3LYP/6–311++g(d) level of theory to predict the reactivity and the reactive sites. The evaluated electronic properties (HOMO and LUMO) gave an insight into the molecular properties of the molecule. The charge distribution and molecular electrostatic potential facilitated the prediction of either the electrophilic or nucleophilic reactivity of these compounds. Extracellular heat shock protein-90 (HSP90) plays an essential role in tumor invasion while epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) is found at high levels on the surface of metastatic tumors. Blocking EGFR and HSP90 may predict metastatic spread. Molecular docking and molecular dynamics showed that picolinohydrazide analogs (5–7) act as inhibitors to the active-site cavity of the target proteins, i.e., EGFR and HSP90. The fluorine scaffold (6) has a potential binding free energy of -31.01 kcal mol−1 and -30.54 kcal mol−1 for EGFR and HSP90, respectively. The binding complex of fluorine scaffold (6) with EGFR and HSP90, respectively has also shown substantial stability in the post-dynamics analysis. Our results implicate the potential efficacy of novel adjunct therapeutic insights in treating advanced cancer.

Keywords: ExosomesDFTMolecular dockingMolecular dynamics simulationEGFRHSP90

Research Title: Standardization, in-silico and in-vivo safety assessment of methanol extract of Ziziphus mauritiana Lam leaves

Author: Balakumar Chandrasekarn, Published Year: 2022

Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology, 131

Faculty: Pharmacy

Abstract: Ziziphus mauritana Lam leaves were used to treat asthma, diabetes, pain, and inflammation in the Indian traditional system of medicine. The leaves of the Ziziphus mauritiana Lam were consumed as a vegetable in Indonesia and India. The present study aims to predict the pharmacokinetic properties of flavonoids identified & quantified through U(H)PLC and to evaluate the safety of methanol extract of Ziziphus mauritana Lam leaves (MEZ) in rats. A U(H)PLC-ESI-QTOF-MS/MS was performed to identify flavonoids present in MEZ and quantified using U(H)PLC method. The in-silico ADME properties of the flavonoids were analyzed using Schrodinger Maestro software. The acute oral toxicity study was performed by administering a single dose of MEZ (5000 mg/kg) in female rats and observed for 14 days. The sub-chronic studies were carried out by oral administration of MEZ at 500, 750, and 1000 mg/kg daily for 90 days. The changes in hematological parameters, clinical biochemistry, and histopathology were observed after the treatment period. Eight flavonoids rutin, kaempferol, luteolin, myricetin, catechin, and apigenin were identified from were identified in UPLC-QTOF-MS/MS analysis. These results showed the highest amount of luteolin (5.41 μg/ml) and kaempferol (4.02 μg/ml) present in MEZ. No signs of toxicity or mortality were observed in acute toxicity studies. In the sub-chronic studies, data showed that MEZ does not produce any changes in hematological and clinical biochemical parameters compared to control rats. MEZ (1000 mg/kg) significantly (p < 0.05) reduced total cholesterol, triglycerides, in male rats, which was more prominent on day 90. The histopathological analysis also revealed no changes in the vital organs. These results conclude that MEZ was considered safe and well-tolerated in rats.

Keywords: Ziziphus mauritiana Lam Biochemical Hematology Histopathology Toxicity