Research Title: Physiological and transcriptomic responses of Chlorella vulgaris to novel antibacterial nanoparticles of ethyl cyanoacrylate polymer

Author: Ayat Jabr Salem Al-Azab, Published Year: 2025

Environmental Science: Nano, 12

Faculty: Science

Abstract: Ethyl cyanoacrylate nanoparticles (ECA-NPs) have recently been reported as promising novel antibacterial NPs capable of inhibiting the growth of several Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. However, the effects of ECA-NPs on microalgae, which are primary producers in aquatic ecosystems, remain unknown. In this study, we examined the effects of ECA-NPs on the microalga Chlorella vulgaris (Chlorella) at both cellular and molecular levels. A high concentration of ECA-NPs (100 μg mL−1) exhibited strong growth inhibitory effects on Chlorella. In the ECA-NP-treated cells, transmission electron microscope (TEM) observations showed the prominent internalization of ECA-NPs in the periplasmic space and vacuoles. Moreover, notable morphological changes such as a thinner cell wall, stacked thylakoid structure, and plasmolysis were observed. ECA-NP exposed Chlorella secreted more extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) and accumulated more storage lipids (mainly triacylglycerol, TAG) compared to the control. However, the contents of total fatty acids and starch were decreased, and photosynthetic activity was reduced. In addition, the content of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the activities of antioxidant enzymes in ECA-NP-treated cells were significantly higher than those in the control. Transcriptomic analysis revealed the downregulation of genes that are involved in the drug binding/catabolic process, chemical stimulus detection, and cell wall component catabolic process (chitin catabolism), while genes involved in the photosynthetic membrane and plastid thylakoid were upregulated. These results indicated that the effects of ECA-NP exposure are not limited to specific metabolic pathways, but rather influence metabolic pathways across the entire cell. This study also provided new insights into the potential toxic effects associated with cyanoacrylate NPs in phytoplankton.

Keywords: ATO1

Research Title: On the Line Graph for Zero‐Divisors of C(X)

Author: Ghada Mohammad Al Afifi, Published Year: 2013

International Journal of Combinatorics, 2013, Issue 1

Faculty: Science

Abstract: Let be X a completely regular Hausdorff space and let C(X) be the ring of all continuous real valued functions defined on X. In this paper, the line graph for the zero-divisor graph of C(X) is studied. It is shown that this graph is connected with diameter less than or equal to 3 and girth 3. It is shown that this graph is always triangulated and hypertriangulated. It is characterized when the graph is complemented. It is proved that the radius of this graph is 2 if and only if X has isolated points; otherwise, the radius is 3. Bounds for the dominating number and clique number are also found in terms of the density number of X.

Keywords: zero-divisor graph, line graph, connected, dominating number, clique number.

Research Title: COMPLEMENT GRAPHS FOR ZERO-DIVISORS OF C (X)

Author: Ghada Mohammad Al Afifi, Published Year: 2014

Jordan Journal of Mathematics and Statistics, 7

Faculty: Science

Abstract: Let X be a completely regular Hausdorff space and let C (X) be the ring of all continuous real valued functions defined on X. The complement graph for the zero-divisors in C (X) is a simple graph in which two zero-divisor functions are adjacent if their product is non-zero. In this article, the complement graph for the zero-divisor graph of C (X) and its line graph are studied. It is shown that if X has more than 2 points, then these graphs are connected with radius 2, and diameter less than or equal to 3. The girth is also calculated for them to be 3, and it is shown that they are always triangulated and hypertriangulated. Bounds for the dominating number and clique number are also found for them in terms of the density number of X.

Keywords: Zero- divisor graph, Line graph, Connected, Clique number, Dominating number.

Research Title: On the characterization of Harmonized fuzzy subgroups θ Open set

Author: Ghada Mohammad Al Afifi, Published Year: 2025

Faculty: Science

Abstract: In this paper, we continue to discuss the concept of harmonized fuzzy subgroups. We present the harmonized fuzzy coset and harmonized fuzzy normal subgroup and their properties. We also study the effect of group homomorphism on harmonized fuzzy subgroups. Finally, we define and study the cartesian product of two harmonized fuzzy subgroups.

Keywords: Harmonized fuzzy coset subgroup; Harmonized fuzzy normal subgroup; Group homomorphism

Research Title: Subgroups and Homomorphism Structures of Complex Pythagorean Fuzzy Sets

Author: Ghada Mohammad Al Afifi, Published Year: 2024

Faculty: Science

Abstract: This research introduces the notion of complex Pythagorean fuzzy subgroup (CPFSG). Both complex fuzzy subgroup (CFSG) and complex intuitionistic fuzzy subgroup (CIFSG) have significance in assigning membership grades in the unit disk in the complex plane. CFSG has a limitation solved by CIFSG, while CIFSG deals with a limited range of values. The important novelty of the CPFSG lies in its ability to solve the above limitations simultaneously and gets a wider range of values to be engaged in CPFSG. This work has introduced and investigated CPFSG as a new algebraic structure via the conditions that the sum of the square membership and non-membership lies on the unit interval for both the amplitude term and phase term. The result as any CIFSG is CPFSG but the convers is not true has been proved. Complex Pythagorean fuzzy coset has been defined and complex Pythagorean fuzzy normal subgroup (CPFNSG) and their algebraic characteristic has been demonstrated. Homomorphism on the CPFSG is shown. Some results as the inverse image of CPFSG and CPFNSG under isomorphism function are also a CPFSG and CPFNSG, respectively.

Keywords: Complex Pythagorean fuzzy subgroup, complex Pythagorean fuzzy coset, complex Pythagorean fuzzy normal subgroup, Fuzzy subgroups, complex fuzzy subgroups, Intuitionistic fuzzy subgroups, Complex Intuitionistic fuzzy subgroups. Pythagorean fuzzy subgroups, Pythagorean fuzzy Normal subgroup, homomorphism of Pythagorean fuzzy subgroup

Research Title: Freezing Sets Invariant-based Characteristics of Digital Images

Author: Ghada Mohammad Al Afifi, Published Year: 2023

WSEAS TRANSACTIONS on MATHEMATICS, 22

Faculty: Science

Abstract: Due to the widespread use of digital images of real-world objects as mathematical models, this research examines the freezing sets invariant-base properties of digital images. In contrast to earlier studies that only covered a discrete or limited collection of points, fixed points of digitally continuous functions are approved to deal with a variety of characteristics of digital images.

Keywords: Digital image, Freezing sets, Boundary, Irreducible

Research Title: Another n-Dimensional Generalization of Pompeiu’s Theorem

Author: Ghada Mohammad Al Afifi, Published Year: 2018

The American Mathematical Monthly, 125

Faculty: Science

Abstract: A theorem of D. Pompeiu states that the distances from the vertices of an equilateral triangle to any point in its plane can serve as the side lengths of a triangle. In this paper, it is proved that the distances from the vertices of a regular tetrahedron to any point in its affine hull can serve as the areas of the faces of a tetrahedron. The analogous statement for higher-dimensional regular simplices is also established, and several questions are posed for further investigation.

Keywords: Pompeiu’s theorem

Research Title: Pompeiu-like theorems for the medians of a simplex

Author: Ghada Mohammad Al Afifi, Published Year: 2018

Mathematical Inequalities & Applications, 21(2)

Faculty: Science

Abstract: A theorem of Pompeiu states that the distances from the vertices of an equilateral triangle to an arbitrary point in its plane can serve as the side lengths of a triangle. A similar theorem holds for the medians of any triangle. Generalizations to higher dimensions of Pompeiu’s theorem are established by M. Fiedler in (Casopis pro pestovánı matematiky 102, 370–381, 1977) and by Gh. Afifi et al in (Amer. Math. Monthly (to appear), 2018). This paper is concerned with similar possible higher dimensional theorems for the the medians

Keywords: content; facet; generalized medians; simplex; isody namic simplex; medians; Pompeiu’s theorem

Research Title: More on complex hesitant fuzzy graphs

Author: Ghada Mohammad Al Afifi, Published Year: 2023

AIMS Mathematics, , 8(12)

Faculty: Science

Abstract: Correctly determining a company’s market worth during an entire year or a certain period presents a difficulty to decision-makers. In the case of the merger of companies, the need performs heavier when both the companies’ owners are attracted to establishing a fair price at the optimal time to merge. The effectiveness of representing, connecting and manipulating both uncertainty and periodicity information becomes highly required. Hence, study and enhance some properties and conditions of the algebraic structure of complex hesitant fuzzy graphs. Therefore, the degree of composition between two complex hesitant fuzzy graphs is proposed. Also, the formal definitions of union, joint and complement are presented to be covered in the realm of complex hesitant fuzzy graphs. A real-life application is illustrated to show the relation between vertices and edges in the form of complex hesitant fuzzy graphs.

Keywords: complex hesitant fuzzy graph; composition of two complex hesitant fuzzy graphs; union of two complex hesitant fuzzy graphs; joint of two complex hesitant fuzzy graphs; complement of complex hesitant fuzzy graph

Research Title: Artificial Intelligence-Based Classification and Prediction of Academic and Psychological Challenges in Higher Education

Author: Mohammad Atallah Al-Oudat, Published Year: 2025

EDUPIJ | Educational Process: International Journal, Volume 15 (2025)

Faculty: Information Technology

Abstract: Background/purpose. University students in Jordan face numerous challenges that affect their lifestyle on campus and academic performance. The most common challenges can be summarized into two important categories: psychological and academic factors. Psychological factors, such as anxiety levels and daily sleep duration, and academic factors such as GPA and study hours, it is worth mentioning that these phenomena may have related influences on each other and along with such interactions may heighten negative effects. Furthermore, there is no solid research on the topic that can provide solutions to both dimensions in one study. This paper provides a novel analysis-based framework to help target students who face these challenges in the early stages to provide quality service and consultation. Materials/methods. The framework was developed based on a questionnaire that was built based on consultation of psychological and academic expertise to extract features that are related to the important factors. The questionnaire was distributed to 1020 students from several Jordanian universities. The evaluation of data collected through questionnaires included three major sections about demographic, academic, and psychological factors using the SPSS statistical analysis tool to ensure validity and reliability. After that, the Framework categorizes each student's challenges using the Large Language Model (LLM) into academic difficulties, academic and psychological challenges, psychological distress, and normal students. Finally, multiple classifiers are applied to obtain the status of the students. Results. The results show that the collected features from questionnaires work well with all classifiers with high accuracy. The contributions of this study include analyzing both academic and psychological factors and exploring their correlation through a case study conducted in Jordan. Also, using LLM for categorization along with classifiers provides an early intervention for students who suffer from academic, and psychological challenges or both. Conclusion. These findings suggest that early interventions targeting both academic and psychological factors are critical for improving student well-being and academic success, providing valuable insights for university support services.

Keywords: Academic and psychological difficulties, large language models (LLM), Jordanian higher education, machine learning algorithms, student well-being, academic performance